大师讲坛

上海交通大学始终秉持“自强首在储才,储才必先兴学”的信念,把人才培养作为办学的根本任务,以“培养第一等人才、砥砺第一等品行”为教育理念,精勤进取,笃行不倦,培养了一批又一批大师级栋梁之才。为了建立本校师生和学术大师之间学术交流的桥梁,上海交通大学于2012年4月创办“大师讲坛”,以“研其精者,道其深;博其大者,致其远”为主题,秉持“学以致用,知行合一”的宗旨,邀请国内外学术大师、著名科学家和学者走进讲坛,讲述科学知识、科学道德、科研精神和研究方法,与交大师生面对面交流,分享科学智慧和人生经验,让交大师生时刻感受“转身遇见大师”的学术氛围。

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讲坛概况

“大师讲坛”自成立以来,始终秉持高端性、开放性特色和学以致用、广开思路的原则,由“国家最高科技奖获得者”王振义院士首讲,截至2022年4月(十周年),已开办讲座169场,邀请了160余位国内外著名专家学者前来做客,与近十万人次交大师生互动交流。这些学术大师包括137位国内外科学院/工程院院士,其中,诺贝尔奖、菲尔兹奖、图灵奖和沃尔夫奖获得者共27位。“大师讲坛”采用访谈与讲座相结合的形式进行,营造轻松、互动的学术氛围,以大师典范指引青年学子的人生与学术航向,以家国情怀鼓励青年学子潜心科研,服务国家发展。

多年来,“大师讲坛”始终与交大同向同行,为交大师生提供了一个包容开放、自由平等的学术交流平台。未来,“大师讲坛”将继续以传承文明、探求真理为使命,打造更加丰富多元的科学盛宴。传播学术思想,弘扬科学精神,为交大校园营造出浓郁的科研学术氛围,为交大学子们打开通向大师成才之道的大门,为祖国科学事业孕育未来的栋梁之材。

讲坛索引
05
2023-07
【大师讲坛】第194期:Nanoimprint and Nano-Enabled Artificial Intelligence for Instant Mobile Self-Test (iMOST)
Nanotechnology is undoubtedly one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, impacting a very broad range of scientific research and industries, from semiconductor ICs, and data storage, nanophotonics, batteries, displays, light emitting diodes, optical communication, virtual reality, biotechnology, medicine, security features, to name just a few. However, the full potential of nanotechnology cannot be utilized, unless we have a nanomanufacturing technology that can manufacture nanostructures with high throughput and low cost. Of all existing technologies for manufacturing well-defined nanostructures, nanoimprint clearly is one of the most promising ones. Nanoimprint has a unique combination of attributes, including the highest resolution (0.3 nm!), the smallest pitch (<10 nm), large-area (e.g. wall-paper size), high-throughput and low cost, that are unmatchable by other existing methods. As a result, nanoimprint has emerged as one of the most important manufacturing technologies in the 21st century, and is rapidly evolving into a multi-billion-dollar industry. As the inventor of nanoimprint, the author will present his view overview on the status and future of nanoimprint in research and industrialization. Furthermore, the author will discuss another groundbreaking technology innovation called iMOST™ (instant Mobile Self-Test) – a new platform for healthcare test, that he has invented and developed*. iMOST is designed to offer instant mobile personal self-medical-diagnostic testing that is accurate, reliable, simple to use, affordable to everyone, and can be used anywhere and anytime. iMOST achieved its goals by outside-the-box thinking and a new paradigm, that is fundamentally different from the traditional and that successfully removes several key roadblocks in testing outside a lab. The new paradigm has the following unique features: (i) “Fault-Tolerant” (ii) “One Device for All” and (iii) low-cost, portable and scalable. The new paradigm is uniquely achieved by using nanotechnology, advance imaging, Nano-Enabled Artificial intelligence/Machine-learning (NEAM) and new bio/chemical processes into diagnostic testing. iMOST is poised to replace traditional, expensive, time-consuming lab test, significantly impacting future telemedicine. * The iMOST work was performed at Essenlix Corp
Stephen Y. Chou
美国工程院院士
03
2023-07
【大师讲坛】第193期:Visualization of Co-translational Protein Folding
Protein folding can begin co-translationally. Due to the difference in timescale between folding and synthesis, co-translational folding is thought to occur at equilibrium for fast folding domains. Thus, the folding kinetics of stalled ribosome-bound nascent chains should match the folding of nascent chains in real time. We test this assumption by comparing the folding of a ribosome-bound, multi-domain calcium-binding protein stalled at different points in translation with the nascent chain as is it being synthesized in real-time, via optical tweezers. In vitro, a misfolded state of the protein occurs readily, and on stalled ribosomes, the misfolded state still forms rapidly (1.5 s). Surprisingly, during active translation, this state is only attained after a long delay (~ 60 s), indicating that, unexpectedly, the growing polypeptide is not equilibrated with its ensemble of accessible conformations. Slow equilibration on the ribosome can delay premature folding until adequate sequence is available and/or allow time for chaperone binding, thus promoting productive folding. On the other hand, interactions between the nascent polypeptide and the ribosome exit tunnel represent one mode of regulating synthesis rates, which, in turn, are thought to affect protein folding. The SecM protein arrests its own translation as part of a feedback mechanism, and release of arrest has been proposed to occur by mechanical force at the translocon. This is the so-called translocon mechanical hypothesis. Using optical tweezers, I demonstrate that arrest of SecM-stalled ribosomes can indeed be rescued by force alone. Moreover, I will show that the force needed to release stalling can be generated in vivo by a nascent chain folding near the ribosome tunnel exit. I formulate a kinetic model describing how a protein can regulate its own synthesis by the force generated during folding, tuning ribosome activity to structure acquisition by a nascent polypeptide.
Carlos Bustamante
美国国家科学院院士,美国艺术与科学院院士
27
2023-06
【大师讲坛】第191期:共创新的科学大发现时代
在科学史上诸多学科都迎来过自己的大发现时代,数学的大发现为后续其它学科的大发现奠定了基础,地理学和天文学的大发现开始出现了从数据(Data)到信息(Information),再到知识(Knowledge),最后升阶为智慧(Wisdom)的理论路径雏形。物理学、化学的大发现验证了从数据到智慧的DIKW路径。在生命科学领域,分子生物学的中心法则的发现过程依旧遵从DIKW路径。在还原论的指导下,通过对人体从系统到组织、到细胞、到细胞器再到构成细胞的生物大分子的分析取得了一系列诺奖级成果。但从蛋白质到细胞、从细胞到器官再到人体的构成规律仍然未知。还原论的尽头是对系统论的呼唤!贝塔朗菲提出了生命的机体论,并进一步创建了《一般系统论》,开启了系统科学时代。 人类基因组计划的完成提醒了人们基因组并不能解释人类生老病死的主要问题,因为行使生命体功能并反映时空特性的基本物质是蛋白质而非基因,是蛋白质组的巨大多样性、复杂性与可变性提供了生命万象的物质基础。随着蛋白质组测量技术的通量化、全球化与系统科学、人工智能等领域的飞跃式突破,我们认为破解人体构成原理之谜,迎来新一轮生命科学大发现时代的时机已然而至。为此我们筹划并发起了“人体蛋白质组导航”国际大科学计划(Proteomic Navigator of The Human Body),简称π-HuB计划。π-HuB计划将对人体蛋白质组结构空间和状态空间进行系统测量,定义人体状态并构建动态模型,建立可指导健康管理、疾病治疗与预防的人体状态空间导航系统。我们热切期待系统科学对π-HuB计划DIKW四大任务的鼎力襄助!
贺福初
中国科学院院士
02
2023-06
【大师讲坛】第187期: Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx): New Developments and Biological Applications
2001年,美国化学家Karl Barry Sharpless教授,因发现不对称催化氧化反应获得诺贝尔化学奖,时年60周岁。同一年,Sharpless教授在德国应用化学(Angewandte Chemie)期刊上发表了一篇题为“点击化学:通过几个好的反应实现分子功能”的综述,首次提出了一个名为“点击化学”的化学反应,并列出了应该满足的几个标准。投稿过程中,这篇点击化学论文被所有评委要求拒稿。然而,这篇论文已成为人类目前合成化学领域引用最高的一篇论文。2022年,Sharpless教授因为对“发展点击化学”做出的贡献,时隔21年后再次荣膺诺贝尔化学奖。尽管点击化学这个领域的诞生不过二十年,但点击化学已被广泛应用于聚合物材料合成、生物分子标记、药物开发等一系列重要的研究和生产领域。 历史上获得两个诺贝尔自然科学奖的大师屈指可数。Sharpless教授的成就引人惊叹,他两次获奖的“点击化学”和“不对称催化”分属于不同的方向。在本次报告中,Sharpless教授将介绍点击化学领域的发展、现状和最新进展,重点介绍点击化学中最有代表性的三个反应,并分享他在从事化学研究过程中的心得体会。
Karl Barry Sharpless
2001年与2022年诺贝尔化学奖获得者、中国科学院外籍院士、美国艺术与科学院院士、美国国家科学院院士
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